密 级： 学校代码：10075

分类号： 学 号：

20080734

文学硕士学位论文

新型科幻小说中的科学传播

——以王晋康的《十字》为例

学位申请人： 田璐

指 导 教 师： 刘兵教授

学 位 类 别： 文 学 硕 士

学 科 专 业： 传 播 学

授 予 单 位： 河北大学

答 辩 日 期： 二〇一 一年五月

Classified Index: Code: 10075

U.D.C.: No. 20080734

A Dissertation for the Degree of M. Arts

Science Communication in New Science

Fiction:

The Case of Cross by Wang Jinkang

Candidate: Tian Lu

Supervisor: Prof. Liu Bing

Academic Degree Applied for: Master of Arts

Specialty: Communication

University: Hebei University

Date of Oral Examination: May, 2011

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摘

要

I

摘 要

传播科学理念、科学方法，促进公众科学素养的提高，是科学传播的重要使命，对

于一个国家和民族的发展也起着重要的作用。

科幻小说作为一种特殊的艺术类型具有传播科学文化的功能。本文通过对王晋康长

篇小说《十字》的分析，剖析我国新型科幻小说的现状以及新型科幻小说在传播科学理

念的重要作用。本文先分析了科学传播的内核，即科学传播应当注重科学理念的传播。

之后主要通过小说中科学传播内容、传播者、受众以及可能达到的传播目的分别进行探

讨。

无论是在学理层面还是社会领域，本文的研究都具有自身的实际意义和价值。在学

理层面，运用传播学的拟态环境和刻板印象理论对科幻小说中科学传播的现状进行分

析，指出当今科学传播中的缺失，具有一定的理论创新意义。同时，新型科幻小说作为

一种文艺品种，不仅具有很高的艺术审美价值，在宣传科学知识、科学理念，弘扬科学

精神以及传播科学方法方面都具有重要价值，因此，本论文的研究也有一定的社会现实

意义。

关键词 新型科幻小说 《十字》 科学传播 科学理念Abstract

II

Abstract

The important missions for science communication are dissemination of scientific

concepts and methods, as well as to promote public scientific literacy level. Meanwhile, for

the development of a country and nation also plays an important role.

As a kind of special art, the new science fiction has the function of scientific culture

dissemination. This paper is devoted to examining the novel of Wang Jinkang which is named

“

CROSS

” to analyze the status of

new science fiction and the important role of new science

fiction in the dissemination of science concepts. Firstly, this paper dissects the core of science

communication which is should focus on the dissemination of scientific concepts. After that,

the author of this paper also discusses the content of science communication, subjects,

audience and the purpose which are likely to be by recommending this novel.

Whether in the academic level, or in the social sphere, this study has its own practical

significance and value. This paper made the investigation to the communication effect by

using the pseudo-environment and stereotype, figured out the Default Mode in the science

communication which are have certain theoretical innovation significance. At the same time,

as a kind of literary species, new science fiction not only has a high aesthetic value, but also

has great value in dissecting the scientific knowledge, scientific concepts and spirit and the

dissemination of scientific method. Therefore, this study has practical significance in the

social sphere.

Key Words

：

New Science Fiction CROSS Science Communication Scientific Concepts目

录

III

目 录

第

1

章

绪论

···················································································································· 1

1.1

研究背景

·············································································································· 1

1.1.1

科学传播发展概况

··················································································· 1

1.1.2

科幻小说的新发展和新型科幻小说

······················································· 3

1.2

研究对象及意义：王晋康科幻小说《十字》

················································ 5

1.2.1

作者简介

··································································································· 5

1.2.2

《十字》内容简介

··················································································· 5

1.2.3

研究《十字》的意义

············································································· 6

1.3

研究方法

············································································································ 6

1.3.1

归纳演绎法

······························································································ 6

1.3.2

比较分析法

······························································································ 6

1.3.3

定性分析法

································································································ 6

第

2

章

《十字》中科学传播内容具体分析

································································ 7

2.1

对科学传播中科学理念的体现状况的分析

···················································· 7

2.1.1

科学理念

··································································································· 7

2.1.2

科学传播中科学理念的体现

··································································· 7

2.1.3

科学理念的重要性

················································································· 9

2.2

《十字》中科学传播内容的选择研究

···························································· 10

2.2.1

作品中科学理念概况分析

······································································· 10

2.2.2

哲理核心在小说中的体现

······································································· 10

2.2.3

技术核心在小说中的体现

······································································· 17

2.2.4

有反思的科学传播

··················································································· 18

第

3

章

《十字》小说语境中人物形象的构建

···························································· 20

3.1

媒体中的科学家形象构建现状

········································································· 20

3.1.1

科学家形象构建的理论框架

··································································· 20

3.1.2

国内外对大众媒体中科学家形象研究

··················································· 21 目

录

IV

3.2

《十字》小说语境中科学家形象概况分析

···················································· 22

3.2.1

激进的科学先驱者代表

··········································································· 22

3.2.2

接受先进科学理念的执行者

··································································· 25

3.2.3

极端科学主义代言人赵与舟

··································································· 26

3.2.4

科学家中的背叛者：齐亚·巴兹

··························································· 27

3.2.5

传统科学传播与新型科幻小说中科学家的不同描述及影响

··············· 28

3.3

《十字》小说语境中公众的分析及定位

························································ 28

3.3.1

先进科学理念的受害者和获益者梅小雪

··············································· 29

3.3.2

科学传播界从业者——联结科学与普通公众的桥梁

··························· 30

第

4

章

《十字》小说语境中科学传播目的的概况分析

············································ 31

4.1

破除科学迷信，弥合科学与人文壁垒

···························································· 31

4.2

让公众理解科学

································································································ 32

4.3

提高公众科学素养

····························································································· 33

4.4

对现实的批判和对未来的预期

········································································ 34

4.5

基于网络数据对《十字》科学理念认同度的分析

········································ 35

结

论

···························································································································· 37

参考文献

···························································································································· 39

致

谢

···························································································································· 41 第 1 章 绪论

1

第

1

章

绪

论

1.1

研究背景

自 20 世纪 80 年代被引入中国到现在，传播学已经发展成为一门比较成熟的学科。

随着学界研究的日渐深入，作为传播学重要研究领域之一的科学传播成为一个新的研究

热点。

在传统意识形态框架中，科幻小说一直处于一种边缘化位置，常常被当作科普的一

种手段，《小灵通漫游未来》可以说是其中最典型的代表。在这种框架中，科幻实际上

是处于一种被贬抑的位置。二十世纪九十年代，中国当代科幻作家完成了与西方科幻作

品的接轨，而西方科幻作品是在对科学技术进行反思的“反科学主义”纲领下进行的创

作，这与之前对科学技术一味颂扬的基调完全相反

①

，其中，王晋康、刘慈欣、韩松等

人就是其中的佼佼者。而在思想倾向上，王晋康可以称得上是其中最具有“反科学主义”

色彩的一位，他的长篇科幻小说《十字》对科学和科学理念进行了深度思考和反思，甚

至把科学家描述成一种与恐怖分子勾结的人。

[1]

总之，王晋康独特的艺术和哲学追求，

以及对未来社会中科技发展和应用的深刻思考成为值得我们关注的亮点；而隐藏在作品

中的科学理念也值得我们研究、发掘与传播。

1.1.1

科学传播发展概况

首先要弄清两个概念：科普与科学传播。现在很多人还是不懂为什么要把“科普”

和“科学传播”分开，但有一点是清楚的，“科普”与“科学传播”所覆盖的范围不同，

科学传播能够包容科普，而科普则无法把科学传播融入自己的范围。吴国盛教授曾提出

“科学传播”与“科学普及”的关系类似于传播学和新闻学的关系，他认为科学传播并

不是科学普及的另一个名字，也不是在传统科普中运用新的传媒工具，而是把传播的理

念引入对科学的理解之中，并用多元、平等、开放、互动的观念来理解科学、对待科学；

另外，他还指出科学传播的狭义理解是科学与公众之间的传播，这也是科学传播三个层

面中的第三个层面（前两个分别是科学界内部的传播和科学与其他文化之间的传播），

①

从科幻领域一名伟大作家赫伯特·乔治·韦尔斯（Herbert George Wells,1866-1946）的第一

部小说《时间机器》起，一些具有“反科学”意味的作品纷纷出世，并以对科学技术进行反思为主

题的创作。在西方，这种倾向到现在还是科幻小说的创作主流，而这样的纲领到改革开放之后才被

我国的科幻小说家所接受。 河北大学文学硕士学位论文

2

因此科学传播和科学普及有着观念上的重大差异。

[2]

科学传播概念的提出始于 2000 年，刘华杰教授和吴国盛教授曾先后发表文章

①

，在

对传统科普进行反思和批评的同时也提出一种新的科普理念，并将之命名为科学传播；

他们认为科学传播的三个不同阶段分别是传统科普、公众理解科学和科学传播，并认为

这可以看作是科学普及事业的广义化过程，也可以看作是科学传播事业全面化、系统化

的过程。他们主张科学传播要有破有立：科学传播不仅要普及科学知识，更要在有利于

社会可持续发展的框架下普及真正的科学思想、科学方法和科学精神，即尽可能全面地

传播科学技术的知识、历史、思想、方法和社会影响，包括科学技术的不确定性、有限

性、风险性和负面影响。打破长期以来构建起来的科学神圣光环，以及它所代表的绝对

客观、绝对正确的神话。

[3]

2002 年 11 月 21 日到 22 日，江沪两地从事科学文化研究的学者聚集上海，举办了

首届“科学文化研讨会”，就科学文化的若干问题进行了讨论，其中围绕科学传播讨论

了什么是科学传播、传播什么、怎样传播、传播受众市场分析以及科学传播队伍的人员

构成等问题；

[4]

而在 2007 年 11 月 17 日的全国首届科学传播学术研讨会上，江晓原教授、

刘兵教授、刘华杰教授以及田松副教授等人，就曾郑重的提出“传播什么”应当被科学

传播界重视起来，进而把关注科学传播的内容提上日程。

刘华杰教授曾给“有反思的科学传播”这样几个界定：并不是所有称作科技的东西

都要传播以及都能传播，科学及对科学技术的传播是有条件和限度的；“传播什么”和

“怎样传播”是科学传播的一个问题的两个方面，因此既要关注科学传播的手段也不能

忽略科学传播的内容，科学传播不仅要传播传统科学知识，还要传播新科学的观念，要

努力沟通两种文化，倡导社会可持续发展的理念；科学传播对科学和自身要有批判精神，

同时应当提醒民众“当心假先知”。

[5]

近几年，随着我国科幻小说的发展，越来越多的科幻小说家有意或者无意中在自己

的作品中体现了对科学的反思，在选取题材和内容时更加考虑到思想的深度，对传统科

普中塑造的科学“高、大、全”的形象提出了挑战，从而可以让人们从心灵深处感受到

作者的写作意图，进而受到震撼，引发对科学的深思。

①

刘华杰.谈谈“科学传播”的主体结构[N].中华新闻报，2000-07-03；吴国盛.从科学普及到科

学传播[N]，科技日报.2000-09-22；刘华杰.大科学时代的科普理念[N].光明日报，2000-11-02

第 1 章 绪论

3

1.1.2

科幻小说的新发展和新型科幻小说

亚当·罗伯茨

①

曾在其作品中提到多种关于科幻小说的定义，但是罗伯茨似乎认为

在这些思想家中，对于“科幻是什么”这一命题并没有达成一致。其基本的共识是，科

幻属于一种涉及了与读者实际生活的世界不同的世界观的文化话语形式（主要是文学

的，不过近年来出现越来越多的电影、电视、漫画以及游戏）。不同化（即新奇之处的

陌生性）的程度随着文本的不同各有不同，但是通过包括在使用中被具体化的技术性硬

件的例子：太空飞船、外星人、机器人和时间机器等。

[6]

罗伯茨的中心思想可以概括为：

出现于

17

世界的“新教”和“天主教”（或者用通俗化而非教派化的语言就是“自然神

论”和“魔法的泛神论”）之间的辩证关系决定了科幻小说。这样的解释似乎有些僵硬，

但不失为一种新的对科幻小说的理解角度。


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