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i

Abstract

Taking The Time Machine written by Herbert. George. Wells and its

Chinese translation by Yang Xinyi as the case, this thesis studies the

influence of ideology on translation strategies of science fiction, through

a systematic and thorough comparison of the source text with the target

text, aiming at corroborating that translation strategies of science fiction

are affected by ideology.

Ideology is a concept system and it is from social existence. Many

scholars, such as Susan Bassnet, Andre Lefevere, Jiang Xiaohua, Yang

Xianyi and Gladys, do many translation studies or translation practice to

substantiate that translation can be affected by ideology; translation

strategies, as one aspect of translation, will certainly be affected by

ideology.

During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the

Republic of China, in translation of foreign works, the translators, deeply

influenced by Chinese traditional feudal thoughts, Chinese culture,

customs or for the purpose of salvaging the country, are often unable to

translate the originals in a completely faithful manner. Thus, the originals

may always be adapted, omitted and so on. This kind of social

mainstream ideology results in the main translation strategies of this

ii

period are translation of the meaning and translation of the subject. These

two major translation strategies are reflected in three aspects: translating

from non-original works, the intersection of translation and creation and

the integration of translation and evaluation.

Although there are many studies on translation from the perspective

of ideology of this period, few are on science fiction translation. This

thesis adopts the comparative research approach to conduct the study.

When comparing The Time Machine with its Chinese translation, we

classify it two categories: non-translation and adaptation.

Non-translation means the contents that are not be translated. It consists

of translation of appellations, contents related to new science and

technology and reasoning process and dialogues. When translating these

kinds of contents, Yang Xinyi just translates the contents which are

necessary for the story. Adaptation means changing the meaning in the

original. It is composed of description, culture-loaded expression and the

necessity of the style of writing. Yang Xinyi adapts his translation to be in

accordance with Chinese culture and traditional thoughts. The final result

of this study shows that influenced by the social mainstream ideology, the

main translation strategies adopted by Yang Xinyi are also translation of

the meaning and translation of the subject. Therefore, when translating

science fiction, translators should take ideology full consideration in

order to improve the quality of the science fiction translation.

iii

Key words: ideology; the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the

Republic of China; science fiction translation; translation

strategy; The Time Machine

v

摘要

本文以赫伯特

.

乔治

.

威尔斯《时间机器》及清末民初时期杨心一

的汉译本为例，研究意识形态对科幻小说翻译策略的影响，通过系统、

全面地对比分析原文与译文，旨在证实清末民初科幻小说翻译策略会

受到意识形态的影响。

意识形态是观念的学说，源于社会存在。巴斯奈特、勒菲弗尔、

蒋骁华、杨宪益夫妇等学者的翻译研究或翻译实践表明翻译会受到意

识形态的影响；翻译策略，作为翻译的一个方面，必然也受到意识形

态的影响。

清末民初时期，译者在译介国外作品时，由于深受中国传统封建

思想和文化的影响或出于救国救民的目的，往往难以全盘接受西方原

著所传递的信息与文化，遂以译意与达旨作为其主要的翻译策略，因

此，译者在翻译时经常对原文进行删节、增添、改译等处理，主要体

现在转译、译创结合以及译评合一。

虽然从意识形态角度对清末民初时期的翻译已有许多研究，但从

该角度对科幻小说翻译的研究还很不够。本文采取对比原文与译文的

研究方法来证实清末民初时期社会主流意识形态对科幻小说翻译策

略的影响。本文从脱译与改译两方面来分析杨心一的汉译本《八十万

年后之世界》。脱译指“跳脱不译”之意，从称谓翻译、新科学技术

相关的内容以及论理过程与对话这三方面进行论述。改译即改变原意

之译，文中从描写内容、文化负载词以及行文需要这三方面进行分析。

vi

结果表明，杨心一在翻译这些内容时，一方面只译益于故事情节发展

的内容，另一方面在翻译时会将不符合中国传统文化与习俗的内容进

行脱译与改译。

研究发现，杨心一在翻译《时间机器》时所采取的翻译策略是译

意与达旨，这是受清末民初时期社会主流意识形态影响的结果。因此

译者在进行科幻小说翻译时，应充分考虑意识形态这一因素，以便更

好地提高科幻小说的翻译质量。

关键词：意识形态；清末民初；科幻小说翻译；翻译策略；时间机器

Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................... i

摘要

............................................................................................................. v

Introduction ............................................................................................... 1

0.1 The Research Background .............................................................. 1

0.2 The Significance of the Research ................................................... 4

0.3 The Structure of the Thesis ............................................................. 5

Chapter One Ideology and Translation Strategies ................................ 7

1.1 The Understanding of Ideology ...................................................... 7

1.1.1 A Concept System .................................................................. 9

1.1.2 From Social Existence ......................................................... 10

1.2 Ideology and Translation .............................................................. 12

1.3 The Influence of Ideology on Translation Strategies .................... 15

Chapter Two The Social Mainstream Ideology and the Main

Translation Strategies around 1915....................................................... 19

2.1 The Social Mainstream Ideology around 1915 ............................. 19

2.1.1 The Principal Contradictions of This Period ....................... 19

2.1.2 The Policies of “Western Learning”

.................................... 21

2.1.2.1 Learning Foreign Technology to Compete with Foreigners 21

2.1.2.2 Western Studies as Chinese Sources ........................... 23

2.1.2.3 The Western Use of the Chinese Style ........................ 25

2.1.3 The Though

t of “Translation for Practical Purposes”

......... 26

2.2 The Main Translation Strategies of This Period ........................... 27

2.2.1 Translating from Non-original Works ................................. 29

2.2.2 The Intersection of Translation and Creation ...................... 30

2.2.3 The Integration of Translation and Evaluation .................... 31

2.3 The Influence of Social Mainstream Ideology on the Main

Translation Strategies of This Period .................................................. 33

Chapter Three The Social Mainstream Ideology and Science Fiction

Translation ............................................................................................... 37

3.1 A Brief Introduction to the Specific Subjects in the Study ........... 38

3.1.1 The Time Machine and Its Author ........................................ 38

3.1.2 The Chinese Version of That Period and Its Translator ....... 39

3.2 A Comparative Study of the Original and the Translation ................. 42

3.2.1 Non-translation .................................................................... 42

3.2.1.1 Translation of Appellations ......................................... 43

3.2.1.2 Contents Related to New Science and Technology .... 47

3.2.1.3 Reasoning Process and Dialogues .............................. 49

3.2.2 Adaptation ............................................................................ 52

3.2.2.1 Description .................................................................. 52

3.2.2.2 Culture-loaded Expressions ........................................ 59

3.2.2.3 The Necessity of the Style of Writing ......................... 62

Conclusion ............................................................................................... 65

Bibliography ............................................................................................ 69

Acknowledgments ................................................................................... 73

湖南师范大学学位论文原创性声明

...................................................... 75

湖南师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书

.............................................. 75

Translation Strategies of Science Fiction around 1915 from the Perspective of Ideology as

exemplified by

Yang Xinyi’s Chinese

Version of The Time Machine

1

Introduction

The thesis, taking The Time Machine and its Chinese version by

Yang Xinyi as a case, aims to corroborate the influence of ideology on

translation strategies of science fiction around 1915, in which Yang Xinyi

published his translation. As for the time of around 1915, in fact, it refers

to the period of the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the Republic of

China in this thesis. Ideology in this thesis means the social mainstream

ideology. In this section, the research background, the significance of the

research and the structure of the thesis will be provided.

0.1 The Research Background

During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the

Republic of China, some Chinese begin to translate Science Fiction. “As

a product of the industrial revolution, science fiction is the only type of

literature that has not been used in Chinese traditional literature.”

(

韩松

,

2010: 28). This genre, science fiction, is introduced China through

translation from the western countries. Therefore, the occurrence and

development of science fiction translation is also the origin of science

fiction in Chinese culture. However, as science fiction novels have long

been regarded as “children’s literature” or “light literature”, the studies on

it have always been placed in a marginalized position.

What follows is a brief summary of the studies on the science fiction

translation. Whether at home or abroad, science fiction translation studies

are slower than its practice. MA Thesis

2

As for related studies abroad, Hungarian and French scholars make

some contributions. They provide science fiction translation study with a

new perspective

—

a descriptive and cultural perspective. Translator

Through History, written by Jean Delisle and Judith Woodsworth,

describes American science fiction’s translation. It also highlights the

science fiction translation’s influence on the translation of the French

social and literary systems. In 1998, in the article Genuine and Fictitious

Translation of Science Fiction and Fantasy in Hungary, the Hungarian

scholars explain how the science fiction and fantasy novels are

developed and established. It helps the science fiction translation to

attract more attention.

When it comes to the translation of science fiction in China, we will

certainly mention Guo Jianzhong. His book, Translation of Popular

Science and Science Fiction: Theories, Strategies and Practice, published

in 2004, first introduces the similarities and differences between popular

science and science fiction, which confuses many people for years.

Besides he proposes several specific strategies to translate articles of

these two genres, which is of great theoretical and practical significance

to guide translation practice. Jiang Qian (2006), Doctor of Fudan

University, mainly discusses science fiction translation and its acceptance

in the 20

th

century in China in her PHD thesis, Fantasy and Reality: A

Cultural Study of Science-fiction Translation in Twentieth-century China.

Guo Yanli’s

The Modern Translated Literature of China: An Introduction,

published in 1997, gives a systematic introduction of the development of

translated literature in modern China, of course, including the

introduction of science fiction. If one intends to study the translated Translation Strategies of Science Fiction around 1915 from the Perspective of Ideology as

exemplified by

Yang Xinyi’s Chinese

Version of The Time Machine

3

literature of modern China, this book is always considered to be the

must-read for him. Besides these three monographs, there are some

unsystematic research papers. Science Fiction Translation in China from

1891 to 1919 (2010), written by Ren Dongsheng and Yuan Feng, focuses

on the SF translation development during this period, and points out that

translators play an initiative role when translating. Ren Dongmei’s

On Lu

Xun’

s Translation of Science Fiction (2012) and Hong Wei and Yang

Yue’s On Lu Xun’s Science Fiction Translation in His Early Days

(2014),

both of them are a general idea and specific study on Lu Xun’s

translation of SF. Others are some master thesis, which can be divided

two types in terms of their contents. One is a review of science

fiction translation during a certain period. The other is to study science

fiction translation from some theoretical point of view, including

polysystem theory (Deng Jian, 2007), reception theory (Zeng Ting, 2012),

rewriting theory (Zeng Yiqun, 2013), skopos theory (Wang Xin, 2014),

Toury’s translation norms

(Tang Jieya, 2014) and communicative

translation strategies (Wu Houping) etc. The above analysis show that :

firstly, from the published years of all these thesis, the study on science

fiction has arisen in the past ten years. Secondly, the researches mainly

concentrated on the period of the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the

Republic of China. Thirdly, scholars are inclined to study the translation

practice of famous translators, such as Lu Xun. Finally, its combinations

with theories are far from enough whether from the depth or breadth.

This thesis mainly researches on translation strategies of science

fiction during the period of the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the

Republic of China from the perspective of ideology. It takes a famous MA Thesis

4

science fiction the case, named The Time Machine, written by an

outstanding British science fiction writer, Herbert George Wells, who is

known as “the father of science fiction”. Today, there are many good

Chinese translations of this novel. But the author just chooses The World

after Eight Hundred Thousand Years of this period translated by Yang

Xinyi, whose life still remains unknown except that he is a famous

novelist through the advertisement by the Progress Press of Shanghai at

that time.

As for the reason to choose this object, it contains two points. First,

the original work, The Time Machine, is a typical science fiction novel,

including all the characteristics that a science fiction novel should have.

Then, although Yang Xinyi’s version is not so popular today, his

translation strategies are still in accord with the mainstream, which is

more in favor of the influence of ideology on translators during this

period, not only on the famous translators, such as Lu Xun, Liang Qichao

etc. but most of the intellectuals of this period.

0.2 The Significance of the Research

This study is both theoretically and practically significant.

In the aspect of theory, although there are researches on the science

fiction from the perspective of Rewriting Theory, this thesis is more

specific: it just from one aspect of Rewriting Theory

—

ideology, which

can give a better explanation to how ideology affects the adoption of

translation strategies of science fiction when translating.

As for practical aspects, it includes three points. Firstly, it will give

us a base for choosing translation strategies when translating science Translation Strategies of Science Fiction around 1915 from the Perspective of Ideology as

exemplified by

Yang Xinyi’s Chinese

Version of The Time Machine

5

fiction novels. In translating, ideology is an element that the translators


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